Many posts ago (11/10/10 -- Obituary Tells a Story http://renraeretire.blogspot.com/2010/11/obituary-tells-story.html), I promised you an explanation of the origin of the symbol of Medicine, the Caduceus. There is only one problem: I had the Caduceus mixed up with another symbol, the Staff of Asclepius which is the true symbol of Medicine. So if a doctor doesn't even know the symbol of her own profession, I thought that this might be an opportunity for education, as I educate myself.
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Which is the symbol of medical care? Confused. Don't feel bad. I am a doctor and I didn't know the answer. I have certainly seen the first used to symbolize different forms of medical care, but had only a vague recollection of seeing the second symbol. The origin and use of these two symbols is quite interesting. Like most things that are very old, their story is long and convoluted, and many beliefs contribute to what is now accepted in the modern world.
The first symbol above, two serpents wound around a staff with wings at the top is the caduceus or magical Staff of Hermes who was a Greek god, messenger of the gods, inventor of (magical) incantations, conductor of the dead and protector of merchants and thieves. It is derived from the Greek karykeion = "herald's staff", itself based on the word "eruko" meaning restrain, control. It was a symbol for the Phoenician god of Wisdom. Later the Roman god, Mercury replaced Hermes. The wings on top of the short rod may represent the wings that were often attached to the heels of Mercury, messenger of the Gods, signifying speed.
The mythical origin of this rod is said to have occurred when Poulenc, in "Les Mamelles de Tiresias" (The Breasts of Tiresias) tells how Tiresias--the seer who was so unhelpful to Oepidus and Family- found two snakes copulating, and to separate them stuck his staff between them. Immediately he was turned into a woman, and remained so for seven years, until he was able to repeat his action, and change back to male. The transformative power in this story, strong enough to completely reverse even physical polarities of male and female, comes from the union of the two serpents, passed on by the wand. Tiresias' staff, complete with serpents, was later passed on to Hermes.
So how did this symbol become associated with medicine? After all, Hermes is the god of commerce, eloquence, invention, travel and theft, and so was a symbol of heralds and commerce, not medicine. The words caduity and caducous imply temporality, perishableness and senility, while the medical profession espouses renewal, vitality and health. So what happened? Well, probably the use of this staff of Hermes came about because by the seventh century AD, Hermes was associated with alchemy. What is alchemy? Alchemy is an ancient tradition, the primary objective of which was the creation of the mythical "philosopher's stone" which was thought to be able to turn base metals into gold, and also act as an magic potion that would confer youth and immortality upon its user. Those who studied and knew alchemy were said to practice the Hermetic Arts. Initially alchemy preceded modern science and chemistry. However, alchemy also included various non-scientific mystical and occult concepts, theories and practices. Then gradually alchemy came to mean not only chemical processes but medical and pharmaceutical procedures, as well.as even metallurgy and mining. The staff of Hermes represented these processes as well as Mercury's messenger functions. Therefore it also became a symbol for the printing trade when it first advanced in the 14th and 15th century, because the printers liked to think of themselves as disseminators of knowledge (messages). By the 17th century and 18th century this symbol was used for all alchemical processes in all of these fields. Into the modern arena, the staff of Hermes began to represent many occult practices as well. To this day a form of the staff of Hermes, called the Caduceus Power Wand can be purchased from occult, new age, and witchcraft stores.
But the great mistake that sealed the Staff of Hermes' use in medicine came when the United States Army began using it to represent its medical corps in 1902. World War I guaranteed that this insignia was well disseminated. Since that time, many medical organizations, large clinics, as well as pharmaceutical companies have used this symbol in their logos.
Walter Friedlander performed a study of 242 logos of American medical organizations. He found that typically the Caduceus was used most commonly by medical organizations that are commercial, such as large commercial hospitals and clinics, drug companies, etc. Medical organizations that are professional such as the Canadian Medical Association, the New Zealand Medical Association, and the World Health Organization are more likely to use the second symbol above, the Staff of Asclepius, perhaps because they are often organizations of doctors and perhaps have better knowledge about the origin of both symbols.
So what is the origin of that second symbol, the Staff of Asclepius? Aescepius is described in Homer's Iliad as a healer or physician who practiced in Greece probably about 1200 BC. He was so respected that he was sometime later turned into the God of Healing. He is usually pictured as bearded, dressed in a robe that does not cover his chest, holding a staff, that is a rough hewn piece of tree limb, with a single serpent wrapped around the wood, head at the top. A similar symbol appears on a known Sumerian vase from about 2000 BC thought to represent the Sumerian God of Healing Ningishita.
The mythical origin of Asclepius is as follows:
Asclepius is the god of Healing. He is the son of Apollo and the nymph, Coronis. While pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis secretly took a second, mortal lover. When Apollo found out, he sent Artemis to kill her. While burning on the funeral pyre, Apollo felt pity and rescued the unborn child from the corpse. Asclepius was taught about medicine and healing by the wise centaur, Cheiron, and became so skilled in it that he succeeded in bringing one of his patients back from the dead. Zeus felt that the immortality of the Gods was threatened and killed the healer with a thunderbolt. At Apollo's request, Asclepius was placed among the stars as Ophiuchus, the serpent-bearer. The children of Asclepius included his daughters Meditrina, Hygeia and Panacea who were symbols of medicine, hygiene and healing (literally, "all healing") respectively. Two of the sons of Asclepius appeared in Homer's Illiad as physicians in the Greek army (Machaon and Podalirius).
Medical schools developed in Greece and later spread to Rome. These locations, called Asclepions (Asclepiae) usually included a temple from which to worship Asclepius, as well as buildings to house the priests/physicians, called Asclepiadae; and buildings to house the patients. People came to believe that just by sleeping in an Asclepion, they could be healed. The practices of the local priests added an additional attraction. The people who came to these places were usually well off and offered gifts and sacrifices to the God Asclepius as well as gifts to the priests. Snakes in honor of the God were kept here. They were harmless, usually the species called Elaphe longissima. Many escaped and still thrive in the locations of the ruins of these Asclepions. There were active Asclepions under Roman rule as late as the 6th century AD.
The staff of Asclepius was also used as a printers symbol, often used on the frontispiece of pharmacopoeia that date to the 15th and 16th century. The Caduceus and the staff of Asclepiu were used interchangeably for this purpose and that may explain some of the confusion. Many people still today (me included) use the word Caduceus to indicate both symbols.
The actual medical origin of the staff of Asclepius is quite interesting. This may be the practical meaning of the "serpent" wound around a stick. In tropical areas, there is a parasite known as the guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis, also called "the fiery serpent" or the dragon of Medina. Infestation with this worm is called dracunculiasis. The life cycle of this worm involves only the human and a small water flea or crustacean. The water flea ingests the smaller larvae of the roundworm. People ingest the water flea when they drink contaminated water. The water flea is digested releasing the roundworm larva which migrates through the body, maturing and then migrating subcutaneously and growing quite long. The male is the size of spaghetti and can grow to 2 to 3 feet long. Eventually by gravity it usually moves to the lower extremities leading to inflammation and pain. Eventually they would grow to maturity and emerge from the host by eating a hole in the skin. The whole process especially the latter caused a fierce burning pain that disabled the victim from work until finally the worm would emerge and the track and emerging hole would heal up. The pain is so great in the end that people would go into the cool water of ponds or streams to relieve the pain. The water then triggers the female roundworm to release her larva into the water, contaminating it and beginning the worm's life cycle all over again. Though not life threatening, a sufferer from dracunculiasis would lose a lot of days of productive life and the emergence was often timed during the key farming season. Where endemic, so many people were infected that sometimes the harvest could not be completed contributing to hunger and societal disruption. Hence if people could afford it they went to physicians who would treat this worm. The treatment consisted of making an incision in the skin just ahead of the progress of the worm. When the worm began to emerge, the physician would wind it around a stick and exert slow tension (over days' time) and gradually wind the worm up until it was removed from the skin. If too much or rapid tension was applied, the worm would break and removal would be much more difficult and painful. The worm was very common so physicians who were knowledgeable in this procedure hung an image of the worm wound around the stick in front of their place of business.
Interestingly, the current National Geographic Magazine has a one page article demonstrating that through education alone, the guinea worm is going the way of smallpox. People in endemic areas have been taught to drink water through a simple straining straw, or to filter it, or add an larvacide to the water before drinking. Also people who have guinea worm emerging have been taught not to go into the water to relieve pain but instead to take some anti inflammatory medications and/or seek medical treatment. Since we humans are the only hosts for this worm to mature, these two practices are eliminating the worm. Now only 4 African countries continue to see guinea worm and even those infections have become much less significant. This is the only time that a disease will likely be totally eliminated without the use of vaccines or antibiotics.
So now you know the difference between the Caduceus and the Staff of Asclepius. You know that the true medical symbol should be the Staff of Aesclepius, though an insignia that champions Hermes, the god of commerce, might symbolize portions of the practice of medicine today. Following is a frieze that depicts the confusion between these two symbols.
[Engraved from an original in the then Museum Pio Clemens in Rome
Galerie Mythologique, Recueil de Monuments by Aubin Louis Millin, Paris 1811.]
Asclepius dealt with patients - merchants make deals with clients
Asclepius is linked with a constellation of idealistic medical ideas
Hermes is linked with hermetic occultism
Mercury is identified with mercantile mercenary views
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